Intel RAID Controller: unable to complete the firmware update

I am unable to complete the firmware update; I get a message that the
firmware is intact or the system hangs during when entering StorCon

As the BIOS on server boards and RAID controllers are updated, it is possible that some
combinations of RAID controller BIOS and server board BIOS do not work together so that
updating RAID controller firmware through the normal update process is not possible. A
firmware recovery process is described here with an override that makes it possible to force the firmware update.

To force a firmware update, complete the following steps:

a. Move the recovery jumper on the RAID card to Recovery position.

b. Download the firmware recovery utility and update code from the website, or make a
firmware recovery diskette from the CD and boot to it.

c. Choose option 2, recover firmware.

d. The system creates a RAM drive and begins copying files to it. Press <Ctrl> <C> when
you see the prompt, “press CNTL C to interrupt the recovery process”. You will be
brought to a C: prompt.

e. Type “FRU -O” to force overwriting the firmware. (Note: “O” is the letter O for Overwrite,
not the number zero)

f. Indicate agreement at the following two prompts.

g. Green text will display at the top of the screen indicating that the recovery has started.
This will be followed shortly by text that provides the version (flashing) that is being
forced. The first few digits of this text are the firmware version number followed by
digits that refer to the build number.

h. When complete, replace the jumper into the normal position and reboot.
Troubleshooting Guide

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Intel RAID Controller: How do I update the firmware?

Firmware can be updated through StorCon. StorCon can be activated a number of ways, including through XROM during POST by pressing <Ctrl> <G> when prompted. Complete instructions for each update method are included in the hardware guide for the RAID controller.

Refer to the resource CD that accompanied the product or to the support website listed above.

A short list of steps to update the firmware using the XROM method is included here:
Follow the procedure below to update the firmware via the XROM version of StorCon:

a. Download the firmware image, SRC_RXFW, that contains the latest programs and
drivers from the website.

b. Format a 3.5″ HD disk (1.44MB) and copy the SRC_RXFW file onto the disk.
c. With the adapter installed in the system, boot the computer and press <Ctrl> <G> when
prompted. This initiates the BIOS version of StorCon.

d. Select the applicable RAID controller and press <Enter>.

e. If the Express Setup menu is displayed, press <F4> to display the Advanced Setup
menu. Select the menu option “Configure Controller” and press <Enter>. Insert the
floppy containing the latest firmware file into the floppy disk drive.

f. From the “Configure Controller” submenu, select “Firmware Update” and press <Enter>.

g. StorCon automatically searches for the firmware file from the floppy drive, A:\. After
finding the file, StorCon displays the name, description and version of the firmware.
Press <Enter>.

h. StorCon reads and checks the firmware file, then displays a warning. Press <Y> to
confirm the firmware update.

i. StorCon programs the flash eprom.
Warning: Do not interrupt the update process. If interrupted the firmware image in the
Flash may be damaged. If the firmware is interrupted, follow the firmware recovery process
instructions in the next section.

Troubleshooting Guide
12 Revision 1.0

j. After StorCon indicates that the update is complete, press any key.

k. The focus returns to the Configure Controller submenu. Press <Esc> several times to
close the menus and press <Y> to quit StorCon.

l. StorCon detects the firmware update and requires a system reboot. Press any key to
reboot.

When the update process has completed, reboot the computer for the change to take effect.
During the boot, the system displays the updated firmware version. You can also relaunch
StorCon and select the applicable RAID controller to view its new firmware version at the
bottom of the console (for example, FW:2.34.yy-Rzzz).

You can also use the operating system version of StorCon to update the firmware. Refer to the
Storage Console chapter of the Software Guide for details.

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Intel RAID Controller Troubleshooting Guide: My RAID controller has an issue not addressed above

Check the following:

• Update the firmware files to the latest version. The files required depend of the server
board, but may include BIOS, BMC, FRUSDR, HSC. Clear the CMOS upon completing
any updates. Update the RAID controller to the latest version of firmware. Update files
can be downloaded from http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/server.

• Download and apply the latest drivers used for your installation. These drivers may
include video, network adapter, SCSI, ATA RAID, chipset, and operating system drivers.

• Confirm that the processor(s) was installed correctly. If a single processor is installed, it
must be in CPU socket 1. When more than one processor is installed, they must be of
the same speed and voltage (and within one stepping). Do not attempt to overclock the
processors or other components on this system. Overclocking is generally not possible
and may damage components and void the warranty of your server board or other
components.

• Confirm that the memory is properly seated and that both the server board and RAID
controller memory is listed on the tested memory list.

• Calculate the power budget to ensure sufficient power is supplied. Power budget
information is usually included in the server board product guide or the technical product
specification. Information about the RAID controller power-draw is available in the RAID
controller hardware guide and is also available at
http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/server.

• Verify that all chassis, power supply, and processor fans are properly installed and
functioning. If installed in a third-party chassis, verify that sufficient cooling is available.

• When using multiple PCI adapter cards in a PCI riser with more than one slot, populate
the slots from the bottom up. On systems without a PCI riser, see if your results vary by
moving the RAID controller to a different slot.

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Intel RAID Controller Troubleshooting Guide: Some of my hard drives show up during POST and some do not

Drives not showing up in post can be caused by a variety of problems. Please check the
following:

• Are you using the latest BIOS and firmware for the server board and the latest firmware
for the RAID card?

• System memory limitations limit the number and size of option ROMs that can be used
in the system. If you place too many adapters in the system, or the ROMs on the
adapters you have installed take up too much space in memory, the option ROM on
your RAID controller may not expand correctly and will not show the hard drives that are
connected to it. Try turning off the expansion ROMs for any on-board device that is not
being used. For example, if your server board includes a SCSI controller that is not
being used, disable this SCSI controller in BIOS setup. For a list of tested peripherals
with the Intel RAID controller, download the Tested Operating System and Adapter List
from http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/server.

• If you are using a Zero Channel Card that utilizes the on board IO controller, such as an
on-board SCSI or Serial ATA controller, the Option ROM scan for the on-board device
must be enabled. If it is not enabled, drives connected to that device will not show up
during POST.

• Confirm that the drive power cables are firmly connected. If you are using a chassis
with a backplane, make sure the power and SCSI cables are properly applied to the
backplane and the hard drives are firmly seated in the backplane.

• Check your SCSI ID numbers. SCSI devices must each have a unique ID on the SCSI
bus. This number is set with jumpers on the device. ID numbers should be set starting
at 0 and they must be set lower than 8 if booting from the drive. If you are using a
server chassis with a backplane, the device IDs are usually automatically set by the
backplane, but may be manually configurable.

• Check for proper termination on the SCSI bus. Intel RAID cards are by default autoterminating.

If your hard drives still do not show during post, please call your customer support
representative. Note the following information and have it ready to assist the support engineer:

• Model number and firmware revision of the RAID controller you are using.
• Manufacturer and model number of other add-in adapters installed in your system.
• Manufacturer and model number of hard drives installed in the system.
• Identify the type of termination used for the card.
• The SCSI IDs of the devices on your SCSI bus.
• The number and type of SCSI channels.
• Manufacturer and model of the memory used in the system and on the RAID controller
and whether it is on the tested memory list.

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How to repair Vista startup problems

VistaThe Windows Vista Recovery Environment can be useful in restoring system files affecting startup.

To use this feature:

1. Boot from the Vista Boot DVD

2. scroll through to choose a recovery tool

3. Statup repair can replace or repair corrupted system files. This is the first option shown

If startup repair is not able to resolve the issue and allow you to boot into Windows you will see the a dialogue window explaining that the repair was not successful along with problem details.

At this point you should contact your IT Admin or call tech support.

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Why You Should Own A Laptop?

Here are the 10 reasons why you should own a laptop

1. Better resale value.

hp laptop notebook PCs hold little resale value – but laptops hold a lot more. Even if you own a Mac, the Macbook will always sell later for more than the desktop
version.

2. Portable.

When I say portable I’m not necessarily referring to sitting in a Panera Bread click-clacking away with their free wi-fi (although you could). Portable can be as simple as bringing it elsewhere in your house or apartment/flat. Sit down in your easy chair or couch, watch the game and surf the ‘net? Sure, why not?

3. Space-saver.

One does not know the joy of owning a laptop until you put it on the computer
desk and then realize all the space you get back. All you have is the laptop and possibly an external mouse and pad. That’s it.

4. Energy-saver.

Laptops use far less energy than desktop PCs do.

5. Easier keyboards.

Laptops use short profile keys with a scissor-style spring underneath. Your typing speed will increase almost instantly. And after using one for a while, going back to the desktop feels old and clunky compared to the super-easy laptop keys. Additionally, the place where the trackpad is serves as a built-in wrist rest, so it’s also ergonomically sound.

6. Better LCD screen.

More often than not the LCD screen on a laptop is far superior to your desktop LCD monitor. The colors look more true, gradients don’t “fuzz” and it has a more crisp picture.

7. Easier to work on.

Most laptops only require one screw to remove the hard drive or RAM. After that it’s literally pop in/pop out to upgrade. It doesn’t get any easier.

8. Proprietary architecture means everything works better.

The vast majority of laptops are very proprietary. This means there is no guesswork as to whether the unit will function properly or not. Even Linux “likes” laptops better because it absolutely knows what to expect, so to speak.

9. Easy-access USB.

Most laptops have 4 USB ports (two on the side, two on the back) and are in easy reach.

10. It’s not a throw-away computer.

This goes back to point 1. The laptop is more or less the only type of computer you can buy where you know it will sell later when it’s time to get rid of it. Even if you have an older laptop with a busted optical drive, someone will still buy it because of what it is. Older desktop PCs on the other hand turn into paperweights that you can’t sell for a decent price no matter what.

Here are the opposite reasons why you should avoid a laptop

David M:

Here are the exactly opposite post, reasons to avoid laptops:

The reasons I don’t own a laptop….

1. They are not upgradable, not like a desktop.

2. You cannot fit two high end graphics cards in SLI in them.

3. I enjoy building computers. You cant really build and totally customize your own laptop.

Raul:

I don’t like laptops because if something goes wrong, you have to send them back to the manufacturer or whoever you bought the warranty (extended) from.

That can usually take days or weeks (Best Buy)

If you don’t buy the expensive warranty, then you end up paying expensive fees, for example, on the monitor, you will most likely pay 400us+ to get the replacement plus any labor fees.

If you want to do it yourself, the parts are delicate and hard to access.

There is also the problems with getting video card drivers, well for Windows anyways, where if your driver has a problem, you can’t just go to Nvidia’s site and download an updated version. You must wait for your manufacturer to update it, this is for everything, like BIOS and other essential drivers that on a desktop, you can normally find easily.

That is why between work and home, I use a LAN party computer, the Sugo SG05 case, with the Zotac 9300 Mini-ITX motherboard and slot loading drive. I have a quad core CPU and 4 GB of RAM. Also using a laptop drive. And it has a handle and is very light.

I’m not saying this thing does not have any disadvantages and that laptops are bad, but unless you get an HP or a Lenovo Thinkpad, in my experience, you are going to have a lot of trouble. Stay away from Gateway (bad drivers, sorry build quality) Acer (overheated for my brother in law, has to open up every month to blow out dust accumulations from bad laptop design).

Felice:

I was about to write an exactly opposite post… good reasons to avoid laptops!
Some examples:
– They cost twice as much for the same performance
– Difficult/impossible to repair due to components integration
– Difficult/impossible to upgrade for space reasons
– Memory, HDD etc upgrades are also more expensive
– Hard Disks are usually slower
– More difficult to find Linux support for the hardware
– Worse, not better LCD screens. And smaller.
– After the 1st year, batteries become a problem.
– And batteries are an expensive replacement
– Fewer USB, serial and other connections available
– Impossible to build your own
…and so on…

Steven:

I don’t have anything against laptops (in fact I even own a laptop, in addition to my desktop), but I need to dispute some of these points.

Point 1, The resale value of (at least PC based) laptops generally revolves around the entry price for laptops (regular laptops, not netbooks) still being higher than desktops, so people are willing to pay more for a used one. Laptops are also usually sold earlier in life because, due to the lesser power and more complex hardware, they generally have a shorter useful life expectancy, at least to the first owner (more on that in counterpoints 7 and 8).

Point 2, When laptops are left as laptops, then yes, they are obviously far more portable than any desktop. However, when people try to use a laptop as a replacement for a desktop, by the time they are finished plugging in their power cord, printer, scanner, external hard drive(s), and in some situations, keyboards, mice, and external monitors, the “portability” of the laptop has been almost completely voided.

Point 3, See point two. Generally yes, a laptop as a laptop doesn’t take up nearly as much room as a desktop, but when used as a desktop they take can up just as much space, if not more because you pretty much loose the option to put the laptop on the floor.

Point 4, This one is true. While a high powered “gaming” and desktop replacement laptops can use as much power as a modest desktop system, for the most part a laptop will use less power than a desktop.

Point 5 is completely a matter of opinion. For the most part, yes, easier to press keys will help with RSI, though this can be achieved on a desktop keyboard with mechanical switches. But, in either case, it won’t necessarily help you type faster, and definitely not immediately. A lot of people have a trouble adjusting to the different feel of laptop keyboards, and generally end up getting an separate keyboard anyway. Also, how ergonomically sound it it is depends more on how your sitting and holding your wrists then how the keyboard is designed. A laptop keyboard with the “built-in wrist rest” isn’t necessarily any better than a desktop keyboard with a wrist rest. Also, In order to get a number pad on a laptop keyboard, you generally need to get a fairly large laptop, which starts to affect portability.

Point 6, if by “Better” you mean lower dot-pitch, then yes laptop monitors are generally “better”. But for the most part, a halfway decent desktop LCD monitor will trounce a laptop monitor in response time, color reproduction, backlight uniformity, viewing angle, and, of course, size. Also, using a super high resolution laptop screen set to it’s highest resolution can be really hard on your eyes and the penalty switching to a non-native resolution on an LCD screen destroys any picture quality gained by the lower dot-pitch. Because of this, a lot of people end up using their laptops with external monitors anyway, which also voids the benefits of point 3.

Point 7, sure if all you want to do is change your RAM, hard drive, or CD drive a laptop is marginally easier to work with than a proprietary desktop. But, usually changing anything else means dismantling half the laptop. What if your monitor dies, what if the CPU fan stops working, motherboard or processor fries, etc… All of those scenarios are much more easily fixed in a desktop. Also, what if you want to add another hard drive to your laptop, upgrade your video card, add a sound card. It’s pretty much impossible to do any of that in most laptops. A lot of DIY desktops are much easier to work with as well, with tool-less PCI slots, hard drive bays, and 5.25″ drive bays, not to mention cases that have removable mother board trays.

Point 8, Most of the reliability problems I have had can be traced to a specific piece of hardware or a driver problems, not usually the interaction between them. I have had these kinds of problems in both laptops and desktops. In my experience once hardware problems are worked out, both laptops and desktops are extremely reliable these days. And, on an individual basis, quality desktop components are generally more reliable than their micro-sized counterparts, thanks to heavier gauge wire, thicker traces, larger electrical components, and heavier duty mechanical parts, which all comes together to give them longer life expectancy.

Point 9, Most LCD monitors have USB hubs built in, and almost all desktops have front or top USB ports that are easily accessible regardless of if your computer is on the floor or on the desk.

Point 10, While a lot of people do simply dispose of or sell their old desktops (and laptops) when they are finished with them, desktops are far more powerful than laptops, which makes them more versatile later in life. When combined with the more reliable parts, easier maintenance, and longer life expectancy, desktops are far easier to re purpose as a file server, HTPC, guest computer, computer for kitchen, etc….

I’m not saying people should not own laptops, but I don’t think they should really be used as a primary system for most people. Laptops are really good when used as a laptop, such as light usage while laying on the couch watching TV, moving around the house, or traveling. But if your going to do even remotely heavy computing, it’s generally more comfortable to work at a desk with a desktop-style setup.

Not long ago I bought a HP Laptop Notebook, I use it every day, write blog, do the design, and development. It is indeed a lot of convenience except for the mouse.

What is your options then?

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Linux Document Preparation

addftinfo        Add information to troff font files for use with groff.
afmtodit        Create font files for use with groff.
colcrt        Filter nroff output for CRT previewing.
enscript        Convert text files to postscript.
eqn        Format equations for troff. Compiles descriptions of equations embedded in troff.
geqn        Used to print special symbols and complex equations. Not user friendly.
git        GNU interactive tools.
gitaction        Per file type action script.
gitkeys        Display key sequence utility.
gitmount        Allows any block device to be mounted.
gitps        A graphical process viewer and killer program.
gitrgrep        A recursive grep program.
gitunpack        Used to unpack archive files in a given directory.
gitview        A hexadecimal or ASC file viewer.
grodvi        Convert Groff output to TeX dvi format, normally run by groff.
groff        Used as a front end for the groff document formatting system.
grops        Postscript driver for groff. invoked by groff.
gtbl        Used to prepare charts, multicolumn lists and tabular formats.
hpftodit        Create font description files for use with groff.
indxbib        Make inverted index for bibliographic databases.
lookbib        Search bibliographic databases.
nroff        Emulate nroff command with groff.
pfbtops        Translate a postscript font in .pbf format to ASCII.
pic        Compile pictures for troff or Tex.
psbb        Extract bounding box from postscript document.
refer         Preprocess bibliographic references for groff.
rpm2html        Make an html database from rpm repository.
soelim        Interpret .so requests in groff input.
tbl        Format tables for groff.
TeX        Used to format professionally typeset documents (Chapters, Headings, and paragraphs).
texi2html        Texinfo to html converter.
tfmtodit        Create font files for use with groff.
troff        Formats documents as part of the groff document formatting system.
yacc        A parser generator.

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Linux Printing and Programming

Linux Printing

banner        Print a large banner on printer.
lpr        Print, submits a job to the printer.
Ex: lpr -Pdest filename. Dest is the destination printer. the name of the file to print is filename.
lpc        Lets you check the status of the printer and set its state.
lpq        Shows the contents of a spool directory for a given printer.
lprm         Removes a job from the printer queue.
gs        Ghostscript – A PostScript interpreter.
pr        Print a file. Ex: pr filename |pg.
tunelp        Set various parameters for the lp device.

Linux Programming

as86        Assembler
awk        C programming language – allows finding of lines with specific characters.
bc        A precision calculator language.
cproto        Reads in c source files and generates function prototypes for all the functions.
ctags        Generate tag (index) files for source code.
dialog        Display dialog boxes from shell scripts.
egcs        GNU project C and C++ compiler.
f2c        Converts fortran code to c code.
gawk        Pattern scanning and processing language. GNU’s implementation of awk.
gcc        GNU c and c++ compiler.
-g        Produce debugging information.
-pg        Generate profile info that will allow the gprof program to display timing info.
gdb        Debugging program.
gprof        In /usr/bin, allows you to tell where most of the execution time is spent in a program.
igawk        Gawk with include files.
indent        Reformats c source code for consistent indenting and opening and closing brackets consistent.
ld         The GNU linker.
ld86        Linker for as86.
make        GNU make utility to maintain a group of programs.
nm        Lists symbols from object files.
objcopy        Copy and translate object files.
objdump        Display information from object files.
p2c        Converts pascal code to c code.
prompt        set prompt = “waldo” (in C shell) ps1 = ‘waldo’ (in BOURNE shell)
PS1=”[\u@\h \w]\\$ ” makes prompt = [username@hostname current directory]
see the BASH or your shell’s man page for more information.
size        List section sizes and total size.
strip        Discard symbols from object files.
xxgdb        X windows based graphical user interface to gdb.

Scripting Languages

Perl        A command interpreter for the Practical Extraction and Report Language (perl).
Python        A report language.
Tcl        Tool command language shell. Enter by typing tclsh.
info        Return information about the state of the Tcl interpreter.
Tk        A graphical user extension to Tcl based on X windows. Commands are same as Tcl.

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Linux User Management

ac        Print statistics about users’ connect time.
accton        Turn on accounting of processes. To turn it on type “accton /var/log/pacct”.
adduser        Ex: adduser mark – Effect: Adds a user to the system named mark
chage        Used to change the time the user’s password will expire.
chfn        Change the user full name field finger information
chgrp        Changes the group ownership of files.
chown        Change the owner of file(s ) to another user.
chpasswd        Update password file in batch.
chroot        Run command or interactive shell with special root directory.
chsh        Change the login shell.
edquota        Used to edit user or group quotas. This program uses the vi editor to edit the quota.user and quota.group files. If the environment variable EDITOR is set to emacs, the emacs editor will be used. Type “export EDITOR=emacs” to set that variable.
faillog        Examine faillog and set login failure limits.
finger        See what users are running on a system.
gpasswd        Administer the /etc/group file.
groupadd        Create a new group.
grpck        Verify the integrity of group files.
grpconv        Creates /etc/gshadow from the file /etc/group which converts to shadow passwords.
grpunconv        Uses the files /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow to create /etc/passwd, then deletes /etc/shadow which converts from shadow passwords.
groupdel        Delete a group.
groupmod        Modify a group.
groups        Print the groups a user is in
id        Print real and effective user id and group ids.
last        Display the last users logged on and how long.
lastb        Shows failed login attempts. This command requires the file /var/log/btmp to exist in order to work. Type “touch /var/log/btmp” to begin logging to this file.
lastcomm        Display information about previous commands in reverse order. Works only if process accounting is on.
lastlog        Formats and prints the contents of the last login.
logname        Print user’s login name.
newgrp        Lets a suer log in to a new group.
newusers        Update and create newusers in batch.
passwd        Set a user’s pass word.
pwck        Verify integrity of password files.
pwconv        Convert to and from shadow passwords and groups.
quota        Display users’ limits and current disk usage.
quotaoff        Turns system quotas off.
quotaon        Turns system quotas on.
quotacheck        Used to check a filesystem for usage, and update the quota.user file.
repquota        Lists a summary of quota information on filesystems.
sa        Generates a summary of information about users’ processes that are stored in the /var/log/pacct file.
smbclient        Works similar to an ftp client enabling the user to transfer files to and from a windows based computer.
smbmount        Allows a shared directory on a windows machine to be mounted on the Linux machine.
smbpasswd        Program to change users passwords for samba.
su        Ex: su mark – Effect: changes the user to mark, If not root will need marks password.
sulogin        Single user login.
ulimit        A bash builtin command for setting the processes a user can run.
useradd        Create a new user or update default new user information.
userdel        Delete a user account and related files.
usermod        Modify a user account.
users        Print the user names of users currently logged in.
utmpdump        Used for debugging.
vigr        Edit the password or group files.
vipw        Edit the password or group files.
w        Display users logged in and what they are doing.
wall        Send a message to everybody’s terminal.
who        Display the users logged in.
whoami        Print effective user id.

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Linux System Management

Environment

Linux System Management env        Show all environment variables.
export        Set the value of a variable so it is visible to all subprocesses that belong to the current shell.
printenv        Print all or part of environment.
reset        Restores runtime parameters for session to default values.
set        Shows how the environment is set up. This is a builtin bash command.

Library management

ldconfig        Updates the necessary links for the run time link bindings.
ldd        Tells what libraries a given program needs to run.
ltrace        A library call tracer.
trace        Same as ltrace.

Module and kernel management

depmod        Handle loadable modules automatically. Creates a makefile-like dependency file.
dmesg        Print or control the kernel ring buffer. This shows the last kernel startup messages.
genksyms        Generate symbol version information.
insmod        Install loadable kernel module.
lsmod        List currently installed kernel modules.
modprobe        Used to load a set of modules that are marked with a specified tag.
rmmod        Unload loadable modules.

Runtime level management

exit        Terminates the shell.
halt        Stop the system.
init        Process control initialization.
initscript        Script that executes inittab commands.
logout        Log the user off the system.
poweroff        Brings the system down.
reboot        Reboot the system.
runlevel        List the current and previous runlevel.
setsid        Run a program in a new session.
shutdown        If your system has many users, use the command “shutdown -h +time message”, where time is the time in minutes until the system is halted, and message is a short explanation of why the system is shutting down.
# shutdown -h +10 ‘We will install a new disk. System should be back on-line in three hours.’
telinit        By requesting run level 1 a system can be taken to single user mode.

System Configuration tools

ctrlaltdel        Set the function of the ctrl alt del combination.
isapnp        Configure ISA plug and play devices.
kbdconf         A Redhat Linux tool which configures the /etc/sysconfig/keyboard file which specifies the location of the keyboard map file. This is a GUI based tool.
kbdrate        Set the keyboard repeat rate and delay time.
kernelcfg        A Redhat GUI kernel configuration tool, Start X, then run it from a console session.
linuxconf        Redhat’s GUI linux system configuration tool.
lspci        List all pci devices.
mesg        Control write access to your terminal.
mouseconfig        A Redhat Linux tool used to configure the /etc/sysconfig.mouse file. This is a GUI tool.
ndc        Script file used to restart, stop, start the DNS server.
Printtool        Redhat’s GUI printer configuration tool.
quota        Display disk usage and limits.
quotacheck        Scan a filesystem for disk usages.
quotaoff        Turn file system quotas off.
quotaon        Turn file system quotas on.
samba        Script file used to stop, start, restart samba services when not run using inetd.
setpci        Configure pci devices.
setserial        Set/get serial port information.
setterm        Set terminal attributes.
setup        Set up devices and file systems.
stty        Used to configure and print the console devices.
swapon        Enable devices and files for paging and swapping.
swapoff        Disable devices and files for paging and swapping.
timeconfig        A Redhat Linux tool used to configure the /etc/sysconfig/clock file. This is a GUI tool used to set timezone and whether or not the clock is set to GMT time.
tset        Used to initialize terminals.

System Information

arch        Print machine architecture.
df         Shows disk free space.
du        Shows disk usage.
free        Display used and free memory on the system.
ipcrm        Provide information on ipc facilities.
ipcs        Same as ipcrm.
lsdev        Display information about installed hardware via files in the /proc directory.
lsof        List open files.
lspci        List PCI devices .
pnpdump        Lists ISA plug and play devices resource information.
procinfo        Display system status gathered from proc.
pstree        Display a tree of processes.
runlevel        Find the current and previous system runlevel.
strace        Trace ssytem calls and signals for a binary program.
stty        Change and print terminal line settings.
tload        Prints a graphic representation of the system load average.
tty        Print the filename of the terminal connected to standard input.
uname        Print system information, Prints Linux.
vmstat        Report virtual memory statistics.
xcpustate        Displays CPU states (idle, nice, system, kernel) statistics. Runs in X?

System Logging

klogd        Kernel log daemon which intercepts and logs Linux kernel messages.
logger        Make entries in the system log.
syslogd        Linux system logging utilities.
sysklogd        Linux system logging utilities.

System Security

System time
cal        Calendar.
clock        Used to change or get current time. The command “clock -–w” sets the hardware clock.
date        Print or set the system date and time.
hwclock        Set or read the hardware CMOS clock.
timed        Time server daemon to synchronize the host’s time with other machines, normally invoked at boot time from the rc(8) file.
timedc        Timed control program.
tzset        Used to change the users private time zone by setting the TZ environment variable.
uptime        Reports how long the system has been running.
zdump        Prints the current time in each zonename named on the command line.
zic        Reads text from files named on the command line and creates time conversion files.

X Management and programs

SuperProbe        Probe video hardware.
Xconfigurator        The Redhat tool used during system setup to configure X.
xconsole        Displays messages usually sent to /dev/console.
xf86config        Older version of XF86Setup.
XF86Setup        A newer X configuration program with a GUI interface which modifies the “/etc/X11/XF86Config” configuration file.
xvidtune        This program will test video modes on the fly without modification to your X configuration. Read the usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc file before running this program.

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