RAID stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks which is a technology that employs the simultaneous use of two or more hard disk drives to achieve greater levels of performance, reliability, and/or larger data volume sizes.
There are different levels of RAID. The most popular RAID formats are RAID-1 & RAID-5. However today we will not focus on the various RAID format. Let’s go straight to the differences between software RAID and hardware RAID.
1. Hardware RAID:
- A conventional Hardware RAID consists of a RAID controller that is installed into the PC or server, and the array drives are connected to it.
- In high end external intelligent RAID controllers, the RAID controller is removed completely from the system to a separate box. Within the box the RAID controller manages the drives in the array, typically using SCSI, and then presents the logical drives of the array over a standard interface (again, typically a variant of SCSI) to the server using the array.
2. Software RAID:
In software RAID the software does the work of RAID controller in place of the hardware. Instead of using dedicated hardware controllers or intelligent boxes, we use particular software that manages and implements RAID array with a system software routine.
3. Comparing Hardware RAID & Software RAID
Portability
OS Portability
Software RAID is not usable across operating systems. So you cannot, for example, use two RAID disks configured in Linux with Windows XP and vice versa. This is big issue for dual booting systems where you will either have to provide a non-RAID disk for data sharing between the two operating system / use hardware RAID instead.
As you know, dual booting is mostly obsolete these days as you can run multiple operating systems on the same machine using virtualization software like VMware & xen.
Hardware Portability
- Software RAID
In Linux you can mirror two disks using RAID-1, including the boot partition. If for any reason the hardware goes bad, you can simply take the hard disk to a different machine and it will just run fine on the new hardware. Also with a RAID-1 array, each of the hard disk will have full copy of the operating system and data, effectively providing you with two backups, each of which can be run from a different hardware.Unfortunately in Windows it is not so easy to switch a operating system from one hardware to another, but that is the story of proprietary licenses and we will keep it for another day.
- Hardware RAID
Hardware RAID is not so portable. You cannot just swap the hardware to a different machine and hope it will work. You have to find a Motherboard which is compatible with your RAID controller card; otherwise you can kiss your data goodbye. Also there is a bigger issue of problem with the RAID controller itself. If it fails and you cannot get the same controller from the market (and it has probably become obsolete by then), then again you can kiss your data goodbye.
Easy & Speedy Recovery
It may seem trivial but for a busy and loaded server, an easy and speedy recovery, that too inside the operating system without having to reboot is what one can dream of. Imagine if during the peak hours, your RAID system crashes and you are forced to reboot the machine to make changes to it to restore your data! Software RAID’s like in Linux, not only continues working even when the hardware has failed, but also starts restoring the RAID array, should any spare disk be available. All of these happen in the background and without affecting your users. This is where software RAID shines brilliantly.
System Performance
Software RAID uses the CPU to do the work of the RAID controller. This is why high-end hardware RAID controller outperforms software RAID, especially for RAID-5, because it has a high powered dedicated processor. However for low end hardware RAID, the difference may be neglible to non-existent. In fact it is possible for the software RAID perform better than low end hardware RAID controller simply because today’s desktops and workstations are powered by very powerful processors and the task is trivial to them.
Support for RAID Standards
High-end Hardware RAID may be slightly more versatile than Software RAID in support for various RAID levels. Software RAID is normally support levels 0, 1, 5 and 10 (which is a combination of RAID 0 and RAID 1) whereas many Hardware RAID controllers can also support esoteric RAID levels such as RAID 3 or RAID 1+0. But frankly who uses them?
Cost
This is where software RAID again scores over hardware RAID. Software RAID is free. Hardware RAID is moderate to high priced and can put a strain on your budget if deployed widely.
But over the years the cost of hardware RAID has come down exponentially, so it may not be too far when more affordable RAID-5 cards will be built-in on newer motherboards.
Future Proof
Gone are the days when we could associate software RAIDs with bugs and OS problems. Nowadays software RAIDs are almost flawless. We are using software RAID in Linux operating system for several years and haven’t experienced any problem whatsoever. On the contrary, hardware RAID has a single point of failure and that is its hardware controller. If it crashes then your only option is to find another equivalent RAID controller from the market; by this time the model may become obsolete and you may not even find anything compatible. You are as such faced with the haunting prospect of losing all your data, should the RAID controller fail. Software RAID will never become obsolete and will continue to get updated with updated versions of your operating system.
4. In conclusion: Software or Hardware RAID?
In my opinion, software RAID is the way to go for most users, unless you want to extract the very last ounce of performance from your RAID array and budget is not a constraint.