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I/O
Input/Output. An operation, program, or device that that transfers data to or from a computer or other device.

IcePack™
3.5-inch mounting frame with a built-in heat sink that keeps the 2.5-inch WD VelociRaptor extra cool when installed in a 3.5-inch drive bay.

IDE
Integrated drive electronics. A technology in which interface controller electronics are incorporated into the design of the hard drive rather than into a separate controller. See also PATA.

index pulse signal
A digital pulse signal indicating the beginning of a disk revolution. An embedded servo pattern or other prerecorded information is present on the disk following the index.

initialization
See low-level formatting.

initiator
A device in control of a SCSI bus that sends commands to a target. Most SCSI devices have a fixed role as either initiator or target; however, some devices can assume both roles.

input
Incoming data that a computer processes, such as user-issued commands.

IntelliPark™
Delivers lower power consumption by automatically unloading the heads during idle to reduce aerodynamic drag.

IntelliPower™
A fine-tuned balance of spin speed, transfer rate, and caching algorithms designed to deliver both significant power savings and solid performance.

IntelliSeek™
WD AV feature that optimizes seek speeds to lower power consumption, noise, and vibration.

interface
A hardware or software protocol to manage the exchange of data between a device and a computer; the most common ones are PATA (also known as EIDE), SATA, and SCSI.

interface controller
A chip or circuit that translates computer data and commands into a form usable by a hard drive and that controls data transfers between buffer and host. See also disk controller and disk drive controller.

interleave
The arrangement of sectors on a track.

interrupt
A signal sent by a subsystem to the CPU when a process either was completed or could not be completed.

IP
Internet Protocol. A system that controls how data messages are separated into packets, routed from the sender, and reassembled at the destination.

IP address
A 32-bit, binary number that uniquely identifies a computer connected to the Internet.

ISA
Industry Standard Architecture. The standard 16-bit AT bus for the PC/AT system. ISA was the only industry standard bus for PCs until the recent release of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI).

Data Recovery

Data Recovery Glossary (Letter I)

DATARECOVERYUNION.COM15 years ago12 years ago03 mins

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
A type of drive where the interface controller electronics are incorporated into the design of the hard drive rather than as a separate controller.

Index Pulse Signal
A digital pulse signal indicating the beginning of a disk revolution. An embedded servo pattern or other prerecorded information is present on the disk following index.

Initiator
A device in control of the SCSI bus that sends commands to a target. Most SCSI devices have a fixed role as an initiator or a target; however, some devices can assume both roles.

Initialization
See low-level formatting.

Input
The incoming data that the computer processes, such as commands issued by the user.

Input/output (I/O)
An operation or device that allows input and output.

Interface
A hardware or software protocol that handles the exchange of data between the device and the computer; the most common ones are AT (also known as IDE) and SCSI. (See AT and SCSI.)

Interface controller
The chip or circuit that translates computer data and commands into a form suitable for use by the hard drive and controls the transfer of data between the buffer and the host. (See disk controller and disk drive controller.)

Interleave
The arrangement of sectors on a track.

Interrupt
A signal sent by a subsystem to the CPU that signifies a process has either completed or could not be completed.

ISA
Industry Standard Architecture. The standard 16-bit AT bus designed by IBM for the PC/AT system. ISA was the only industry standard bus for PCs until the recent release of MCA (MicroChannel Architecture), EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture), and PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect).

Hard Disk Repair

What is ATA/IDE?

DATARECOVERYUNION.COM15 years ago4 years ago09 mins

What is ATA/IDE?
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a generic term applied to any drive with an integrated (built-in) disk controller. The first drives with integrated controller were Hardcards. In the IDE architecture, the disk controller is integrated into the drive. This combination drive/controller assembly usually plugs into an interface on the motherboard or an interface card plugged into an empty bus slot. The ATA Specification is simply a set of rules or guidelines that an IDE drive should conform to.

Data transfer modes

PIO-Modes

PIO stands for Programmed Input/Output and was the standard way of using ATA devices but it has become less popular, in favor of the new DMA modes. There are five different PIO modes, each have different transfer rates. The higher the mode number the higher the transfer rate. All PIO modes use the CPU to transfer data which makes this method unsuitable for multitasking environments. Which brings us to the transfer mode used today: DMA.

DMA modes

DMA stands for Direct Memory Access and is the term used when a peripheral device transfers data directly to or from memory, without the use of the CPU. Today DMA is the only feasible way to transfer data from the hard drive to memory as most of todays operating systems use multitasking and can better use the CPU for other tasks. The first DMA modes were not adopted by the popular OS’s of the time, but when Ultra DMA mode entered the scene it quickly became commonplace. The main difference between Ultra DMA and the older singleword and multiword transfers was that Ultra DMA mode clocks the data twice per clock cycle thereby doubling the bandwidth. The most favored today is Ultra DMA mode 2, aka UltraDMA/33.

Standards

ATA-1

To eliminate some major compatibility problems with the early ATA/IDE drives the ATA-1 specification was defined as an ANSI standard in 1994. Previously the most common problem showed up when drives of different manufacturers were placed as master and slave on the same channel.
The original ATA/IDE standard defines the following features and transfer modes:
It supports one or two harddrives on the same bus. One is configured as master and the other as slave.

ATA-2

The ATA-1 standard defined what the interface was capable of a decade ago, and there was a need for faster transfer rates and enhanced features. In 1996 the ATA-2 standard was defined as an ANSI standard that is backward compatible with the older ATA-1.
– Faster PIO modes: 3 and 4.
– Faster DMA modes: 1 and 2
– “Identify Drive” command allows software to query the drive for it’s geometry and characteristics (Plug ‘n’ Play).
Several manufacturers marketed drives based on ATA-2 under different names like “Fast-ATA”, “Fast-ATA-2” and “Enhanced IDE”, which are all marketing terms and not real standards.

ATA-3

In 1997 this ANSI standard was defined and can be viewed as a minor revision to ATA-2 and includes improves the reliability of the faster transfer modes introduced with ATA-2. Also added was the open standard for monitoring disk drive health, SMART

ATA/ATAPI-4

This revision adds some significant and long-awaited features:
– ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface) for devices that require commands not available in the standard ATA standard like CD-ROMs and CD-R.
– Removable Media (Zip drive).
– Overlapped feature set allows devices that require extended time to perform a bus release so that other devices on the bus may be used.
– Ultra DMA data transfer protocol, aka Ultra ATA, which clocks data twice per clock cycle by using both the negative and positive transition.
– Defines an 80 conductor cable to be used for Ultra ATA devices, it is not mandatory however.

ATA/ATAPI-5

Adds Ultra DMA mode 4 or Ultra DMA/66, the 80 conductor cable is now mandatory to maintain signal integrity.

ATA/ATAPI-6

Not finalized yet. It will definately add Ultra DMA mode 5 or Ultra DMA/100 as it is already integrated in drives manufacturered today. Discussions are being held concerning noise reduction which can be found in drives shipping today as well.

Cabling for ATA

It’s easy to describe the different cable types used by the ATA interface today because there really is only one standard. And that is a 40/80 PIN flat cable with 3 IDC connectors. You can attach up to two units on the cable, one master and one slave. The 80 pin cable is for use with Ultra DMA devices but the 40 pin cable can be used with newer Ultra DMA devices but no faster modes than Ultra DMA/33 are available in that case.
In latter years a new cable has emerged, a 44 pin flat cable which is mostly used for 2.5″ internal harddrives. The 4 extra pins are used for supplying power to the drive.

Future for ATA

In order for the ATA interface to cope with the increased data clock rate in the future, a proper terminator has to be applied to prevent “ringing” in the cable. This is not easily solved while achieving backward compatibility and will require cooperation between the major hardware manufacturers to make it work. Perhaps a solution is around the corner as there is a draft for a FireWire ATA interface.

Hard Disk Repair

IDE/EIDE Interface Part I

DATARECOVERYUNION.COM15 years ago4 years ago07 mins

This is a general description of the most frequently asked questions about the IDE/EIDE Interface. This information is meant only to address basic troubleshooting of IDE/EIDE compatibility issues, and is not meant to be an in-depth discussion of all possible error issues. Our purpose is to aid you in solving basic IDE/EIDE difficulties that may arise.

Issues Covered:

IDE/EIDE Definitions
Compatibility Issues

1. What is IDE/ATA?
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a generic term applied to any drive with an integrated (built-in) disk controller. The first drives with integrated controller were Hardcards. In the IDE architecture, the disk controller is integrated into the drive. This combination drive/controller assembly usually plugs into an interface on the motherboard or an interface card plugged into an empty bus slot. The ATA Specification is simply a set of rules or guidelines that an IDE drive should conform to.

2. What does the IDE interface actually do?
The primary job of the IDE interface is to transmit/receive data to and from the drive.

3. Why place the Controller on the drive itself?
Placing the controller on the drive gives IDE drives built-in reliability because data encoding, from digital to analog is performed directly on the drive in a tight, noise-free environment. The timing-sensitive analog information does not have to travel along ribbon cables that may pick up noise and insert propagation delays into the signals. The integrated configuration allows for increases in the clock rate of the encoder, as well as the storage density of drive.

4. What is Enhanced-IDE (EIDE) and Fast-ATA?

Enhanced IDE (EIDE) was a marketing program first initiated by Western Digital. EIDE has two sides:

Software – the Enhanced BIOS Specification that surpasses the 504 MB hard drive capacity limitation
Hardware – hard drives that conform to the ATA-2 and ATA-PI Standards

Fast-ATA, EIDE’s counterpart, was a separate marketing program that was introduced by Seagate and Quantum. This program leaned conservatively toward the ATA-2 specification.

5. What are the main features of EIDE

These are the main features:

Faster transfer modes- PIO modes 3-4, DMA mode 2 and UDMA.
Multiple Read/Write commands
LBA mode, translation for drives larger than 504 MB
Four devices on the ATA controller (secondary port)
CD ROM and Tape Drive support

6. Is ATA-5, 6 or 7 compatible with older IDE drives?

Older IDE peripherals will work with newer enhanced drives. However you will not be able to fully utilize the enhanced features of your ATA-5, 6 or 7 peripherals.

7. Is ATA-5, 6 or 7 compatible with older IDE controller cards?

EIDE drives are backward compatible with non-EIDE (standard) controller cards. However, an EIDE card will only perform at the capabilities of the controller; hence the EIDE drive will perform like a standard IDE drive.

8. What is ATA-PI

AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATA-PI) is a standard that implements SCSI like devices on the ATA bus. Devices like CD-ROM’s, tape drives and other removable media. The advantages of ATAPI are:

It is inexpensive
It is easy to implement in current systems.

ATAPI’s disadvantage is that it requires the use of software drivers for operability.

9. What is Cable Select (CSEL)?

Cable Select (CSEL) is an optional feature per the ANSI ATA specification. It is an alternative method of identifying the difference between device 0 and device 1 on an IDE interface cable. Hard drives configured in a multiple drive system are identified by CSEL’s value:

If CSEL is grounded, then the drive address is 0.
If CSEL is open, then the drive address is 1.

Additionally, CSEL requires a specialized (and more expensive) 40-pin 80-wire IDE interface cable, unlike the standard EIDE interface cable that is far more commonly used. We do not recommend using the CABLE SELECT feature unless your specific computer system documentation requires its use.

10. How does my computer know which drive is the Master and which is the Slave?

When only one drive is installed, the single drives controller responds to all commands from the system. When two drives (which means two drive controllers) are installed, both controllers receive all commands from the system. Each drives controller must then be configured to respond only to commands issued to it. In this situation, one controller must be designated as master and the other as slave. When the system sends a command to a specific drive, the other drive’s controller must remain silent. A special bit (the DRV bit) is used in the Drive/Head Register to distinguish between the controllers.

Hard Disk Repair

IDE/EIDE Interface Part II

DATARECOVERYUNION.COM15 years ago4 years ago010 mins

Issues Covered:

IDE/EIDE Definitions
Compatibility Issues

11.Why is the 20th hole plugged on the Ribbon Connector?

It is a means of preventing the cable from being installed (plugged in) upside down. Users that inadvertently plug a cable in backwards can cause damage to both the hard drive and the motherboards interface. If your system does not have the corresponding missing pin, you may remove this plug by “teasing it out” with a straight pin.

12. Does the IDE interface cable influence data integrity, signal noise issues and drive recognition?

The answer is Yes! The ATA standard specifies that an IDE Interface cable should be no longer than 18 inches. The standard cable used today conforms to the ATA specifications. However, 40 pin interface cables do not always filter out noise when used with the Ultra DMA 33, 66, 100 and even 133 hard drives of today. Another option for reduction of cable noise would be to use an 40-pin 80-wire interface cable. These cables provide better grounding to maximize signal integrity.

13. Will adding an EIDE Interface increase disk performance?

Although most, if not all computers manufactured today have the fastest interface available, the answer really depends on the hard disk drive. Unless you’re working with legacy equipment, a new interface may not give you a performance increase. As an example, upgrading an ISA controller to a PCI controller would be the biggest improvement a user could make.

14. Why is the hard disk drive NOT as fast as advertised?

Advertised transfer rates are based on the fastest speed at which the drive can send data across the ribbon cable from the drive buffer, with the transfer stopping temporarily every time the buffer re-fills. This process continues until a command is complete. Data transfer rates will differ between system configurations, as a drive is not the single component that decides transfer rates. The one thing that designers have control of is the speed at which data transmits across the data ribbon cable from the drive’s buffer, but not how your other components interact with the drive.

15. Why is it that an old IDE drive may not work with a New IDE drive?

The reason is the fact that many hard drive manufacturers were already making and selling drives before the IDE standard was clearly defined. While this is now, for the most part, relegated to very old IDE drives that have problems functioning in dual-drive configurations. This scenario was more prevalent when the hard disk drives are from different manufacturers, however, in some cases, two drives may not function together at all. Even today though, in rare circumstances even new drives will not work together.

16. Why is my new IDE drive not recognized as a slave or a master?

Configuring IDE drives can be simple, as is the case with most single-drive installations, or troublesome, especially when mixing drives from different manufacturers on a single cable. Most IDE drives must be configured in one of the following ways:

Single-drive (master)
Master in a dual-drive system
Slave in a dual-drive system

Because each IDE drive has its own controller, one drive must be jumped as a master and the other as the slave. There are no functional differences between the two, except that the drive that’s specified as the slave will assert the DASP (Drive Active/Slave Present) signal after a system reset to inform the master that a slave drive is present in the system. Daisy-chained hard disk drives that do not have their jumpers set correctly will not function. You should contact the disk drive manufacturer if you are unsure of proper jumper settings.

17. Two hard disk drives will not function even after verifying jumper settings. What could be wrong?

There may be a compatibility problem between the two drives. Use the following steps to verify the function of each drive:

Test each drive by itself, making sure that each drive has been jumpered correctly. If both drives work by themselves, you may conclude that there is a compatibility problem.
Try “swapping” (switching) the drive’s position, what was the master will be changed to a slave and the slave will become the master.
Most motherboards have two IDE bus connectors. Place one drive on each IDE bus and test the system.

18. Why does an IDE CD-ROM and Tape Backup not work when attached to the Interface?

On occasion, attaching an IDE CD-ROM or tape backup drive to a bus that supports an IDE drive, can slow down and even compromise the drive’s data integrity. Although this is extremely rare today, make sure that your systems motherboard has an Enhanced IDE interface that is ATAPI compliant. If it is not, you can purchase and add-in card that has this interface, and they usually come with a secondary IDE interface built on the same card.

19. Even after switching roles, my hard drives still will not work. What else can I do?

First, see questions 16 and 17 above. We recommend that you separate the hard drives and connect them to the different interface ports (IDE buses) of the system. If the system does NOT have a Secondary IDE interface, we recommend that you install an EIDE interface card. By doing so, each of your drives would be able to communicate individually with the system. Enhanced EIDE cards also can add BIOS LBA support and enhanced performance for the drives.

20. Why are 80-wire, 40-pin ribbon cables required for certain hard drive configurations?

40-conductor cables support only up to 33MB/sec transfers (and should only be used for up to 16MB/sec or less in our opinion), while 80-conductor cables support up to 100MB/sec. Thus you can always replace a 40-conductor cable with an 80-conductor cable, but not the other way around without seriously hurting transfer speeds, and quite possibly damaging one or more of your systems components.

Data Storage

CD Optical Storage Glossary of Computer Terms (Letter I)

DATARECOVERYUNION.COM16 years ago12 years ago02 mins

IDE
Integrated Drive Electronics.

IMA
Interactive Multimedia Association. An umbrella organization grouping over 220 suppliers and end-users to deal with multimedia standards and data exchange issues. Endorses and supervises technical aspects of JPEG and MPEG compression standards and developing multimedia platform standards.

Importing
A method of accessing or bringing in files created on other platforms or applications.

Interactivity
The ability of a user to control the presentation by a multimedia system, not only for material selection, but for the way in which material is presented.

Interchange file
A family of file types whose specifications are standardized to facilitate use in a broad range of applications and in some cases platforms.

ISA
Industry Standard Architecture.

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network. Telecommunications networks based on fiber optics with greatly enhanced transmission capacity for handling video images and applications such as video conferencing.

ISO 9660
The designated specification number for the file structure standard of CD-ROM adopted by the International Standards Organization.

ISO
International Standards Organization. A world organization which serves to promote establishment of standards in facilitating international exchange of goods and services and develop mutual cooperation in scientific, technical, intellectual and economic areas of activity. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the current U.S. voice in the ISO.

Glossary of Western Digital Hard Disk Drive (Letter I)